WORLD ARCHITECTURE IN 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY

18-19th architec ture

In 18^th and 19^th c, major changes and movements occurred in  European .The mid-century ancient Roman cities inspired the world  new style, the Neoclassical, which by the end of the century replaced the Rococo on the art and architecture of classical Greece and Rome,Controversy regarding the true nature of art raged throughout the century. What seemed like age-old traditions were challenged, defended, challenged again and finally set aside for new ones.  
Industrial Revolution towns began to expand during the 18th century due to the Industrial Revolution and the prosperity that it brought with it. The expansion of the town's industry brought industrialists to the town, and they constructed their own houses as well as modifying existing ones., resulting in the construction of houses and public facilities such as churches. Much of the buildings built in the 18th and 19th centuries were designed by local architects who developed reputations throughout the city and were to go on to design more buildings Spread of wealth and products being made; industrial revolution within this era brought  Development of buildings and unique types of buildings Spread wealth and products being made.

Enlightenment movement The 18th Century proudly referred to itself as the "Age of Enlightenment" and rightfully. Understanding the natural world and humankinds on the basis of reason without turning to religious belief was the goal. At that movement, Newtonian science exerted its greatest.Impact on architecture, arts and culture of the world which came up with naturalLaws. British architects of the Enlightenment age include Colen Campbell, James Gibbs and Robert Adam whom also happen to be of Scottish descent, "interpreting the first phase of Classicism in the Palladian form." (Boyd-Brent, 2008) Architecture of the period, inspired by the classic forms of Rome and Greece, gave rise to a styling that conveyed influence, power, and wealth. Clients of architects admired and wished to embody the ideology of Roman power and exhibition into their own homes and public buildings, conveying to the observer a sense of virtue, wisdom, and harmony.

Romanticism movement; it is an international artistic and philosophical movement that redefined the fundamental ways in which people in Western cultures thought about themselves and about their world. The movement helped architects imagining and perceiving not only the world around them, but also they were part  in creating it. Finally, imagination is inextricably bound up with the other two major concepts, for it is presumed to be the faculty which enables us to "read" nature as a system of symbols. Romantic Movement affected not just literature, but all of the arts--from music (consider the rise of Romantic opera) to painting, from sculpture to architecture. Its reach was also geographically significant, spreading as it did eastward to Russia, and westward to America. For example, in America, the great landscape painters, particularly those of the "Hudson River School," and the Utopian social colonies that thrived in the 19th century, are manifestations of the Romantic spirit on this side of the Atlantic. Romanticism can be admired for its push towards modernism due to the revulsion from reason and desire for expression. Without these prominent artistic eras the history of art and design would be different and would affect the way we see art and design in out 21st century world. Some of the most beautiful and monumental artwork came from the 18th century and should continue to be appreciated.

 

The rococo movement. rococo era, rococo was considered light hearted and entertaining. This style was created to satisfy the high demands of the noble elite, most commonly found in France and parts of Germany. Many of the wealthy French resided in the Palace of Versailles which is recognized as a place of money along with social and sexual taboo. Rococo design can be seen throughout the monumental Palace and reflects the playful and carefree lifestyle that was lived within the walls. Complex designs and specialization erupted in this era due to high demands for quality in the arts. Most of the Rococo style can be reflected in paintings and ornamentation. Paintings usually consisted of entertaining subject such as hunting, picnics and romance. The ornamentation were flowing patterns full of ‘c’ and ‘s’ shapes painted in colors of pinks, pale blues and light greens. Rococo style flourished until around 1770 when the French Revolution began and new artistic era of neoclassicism began gaining popularity through out Europe.People began to focus on reason and intellect within art during this time. The Baroque and Rococo era that preceded neoclassicism can hardly be compared as anything but opposite to this truthful style. Neoclassicism focused primarily on the revival of classical art. Artists wanted to put virtue back into design as well return to the ancient styles of Rome and Greece. 

Neoclassicism movement .neoclassicism was an international movement ,neoclassical architecture tends to emphasize its planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes. Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade are flatter; sculptural bas-reliefs are flatter and tend to be enframed in friezes, tablets or panels. Its clearly articulated individual features are isolated rather than interpenetrating, autonomous and complete in themselves. World  neoclassical architecture was exemplified in Karl Friedrich Schinkel's buildings, especially the Old Museum in Berlin, Sir John Soane's Bank of England in London and the newly built White House and Capitol in Washington, DC in the United States. Italy clung to Rococo until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings.In this movement Architecture was marked by a return to the intrinsic dignity of what a contemporary called "the noble simplicity and tranquil loftiness of the ancients   

While Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history; by notably, increase average income and population. In the two centuries following 1800, the world's average per capita income increased over 10-fold, while the world's population increased over 6-fold which had much impacts on the world architecture. Enlightenment, rococo, Neoclassicism, Romanticism movements had major impacts on the style and quality of architecture. changes of 18^thand19 century are the result of 20^th and 21th world architecture.